Answer:
C. the background extinction rate of animal and plant species is well below 50%.
Explanation:The Reading Comprehension themed ”An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis)” was the reference source for the answer.
Option C is correct, it requires that one joins two pieces of information. The start of the 3rd paragraph we see that “the five major mass extinctions have significantly exceeded the background extinction rate” and we later saw that ”the rate of those mass extinctions is over 50%.” This brings one to submit that the background rate of extinction is altogether, below 50%.
A(n) ____________ is a family-tree like representation of how organisms are related based on ____________ .
Answer: A PEDIGREE is a family-tree like representation of how organisms are related based on ANCESTRY. It shows genetic relatedness or blood relationship between individuals or organisms.
Explanation: Pedigree can be used to determine
1. Family history or genealogy.
2. Genetic or blood relationship.
3. Coefficient of relationship.
4. Degree of relationship.
5. Proportions of shared genes.
6. Mode of transmission of diseases.
7. Risk evaluation or determination.
Genetic counseling.
8. Linkage analysis.
Pedigree symbols are used in constructing pedigree.
The two main sources of genetic variation are:______. a) single-gene traits and polygenic traits. b) directional selection and disruptive selection. c) genotypes and phenotypes. d) gene shuffling and mutations.
Answer:
d) gene shuffling and mutations.
Explanation:
During meiosis-I, the exchange of genetic segments between the homologous chromosomes occurs. This is called crossing over. The recombinant chromatids formed during crossing over have new combinations of alleles that were otherwise not present in the parental chromatids. Similarly, the random assortment of alleles of different genes towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase-I also creates new gene combinations. These events of gene shuffling during meiosis recombine the genetic material and add genetic variations in the progeny.
When genetic material undergoes any random change in its sequence, the corresponding mRNA sequence is also altered. This results in the formation of faulty, nonfunctional, less functional or no protein from the mutated mRNA. Therefore, the sudden changes in DNA called mutations also add variations.
Final answer:
The two main sources of genetic variation are (d) gene shuffling and mutations.
Mutations are changes in the DNA that can lead to new traits, while sexual reproduction combines alleles from parents to create diverse offspring.
Explanation:
The two main sources of genetic variation are gene shuffling during sexual reproduction and mutations. Mutations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence and are the ultimate source of new alleles in any population. They can lead to different traits within a population, affecting an organism's appearance or phenotype. Sexual reproduction contributes to genetic diversity by allowing unique combinations of alleles to assemble, creating varied genotypes and phenotypes in offspring.
Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability?
Answer:
Bascidomycytes are one of the two large divisions within the fungi kingdom.
Explanation:
Bascidomycetes:- Bascidomycytes are one of the two large divisions within the fungi kingdom. they include certain groups such as mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, jelly fungi etc.they are named so becuase these class fungi produce their basidia and basidiospores on or in a basidiocarp. The general life cycle of bascidomycetes is represented with the help of mushroom life cycle because they have close resemblances.
Advantages of Bascidomycetes
Producing multiple spores externally considered to be the distinct feature of this class of fungiThey posses two different extracellular enzyme responsible for the following:- polysaccharide degradation, consisting mainly of xylanases and cellulases, degradation of lignin and opens phenyl rings, consisting of laccases, ligninases, and peroxidases. The ability of this class of fungi to dergade lignocellulose makes it a useful and potential component for ethanol productionligninolytic system in bascidomycetes helps in degrading a wide range of xenobiotic compounds.What is the strong tendency to believe that one's own culture is normal, natural, and superior to other cultures called
Answer: Ethnocentrism
Explanation:
Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to see other people's culture i.e way of life such as mode of dressing, eating pattern, marital rites etc as INFERIOR, while ONLY your own culture is normal, natural and superior, and should therefore be adopted by all people.
Answer:
Ethnocentrism.
Explanation:
Ethnocentrism may be defined to explain the individual's behavior and thinking on the basis of culture. The ethnocentrism term was first used by William G. Sumner.
The ethnocentrism explain the strong association of the one's belief and its influence by the culture. The ethnocentrism create the feeling of the superiority of the culture and shows the judgmental behavior on the different culture.
Thus, the answer is ethnocentrism.
A researcher gives the experimental group gingko biloba and the control group a placebo. In this example, what the groups receive is the _____ variable.
Answer:
The groups received the Independent variable.
Explanation:
In any experiment or research. There are two main variables, Independent variable and the dependent variable.
A variable is any entity that has quantity or quality that changes.
The independent variable is the variable that a scientist can change or manipulate and has a direct effect on the results of an experiment.
The dependent variable is the variable that is measured following a change in the independent variable.
Therefore, the group was given the independent variable since that is the variable the researcher could control and it will affect the results of the experiment.
Researchers hypothesized that cocaine is pharmacologically active in primate fetal brain when pregnant primates are administered cocaine at doses typically used by human drug users. What experimental observation best supports this hypothesis?
A. Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased
B. Imaging studies showed that cocaine entered the fetal circulation
C. The fetus had an increase in tolerance to pain
D. Imaging studies showed internalization of dopamine receptors
Answer:
Option A, Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased
Explanation:
Usage of cocaine during pregnancy is prohibited. However, in case if cocaine is taken it disrupts the metabolism as it increases brain glucose metabolism to the level of an adult human being. Since glucose metabolism in brain is a sensitive process, any disruption in it can lead to unaccounted effects such as dysfunctional circulation, and pharmacological effect. Cocaine increases the dopamine by blocking the dopamine transporters thereby increasing the Vmax. Since the brain of a child has all kind of neurochemical components, cocaine intakes by a pregnant woman produces reinforcing effects in brain of fetus and also make it pharmacologically active
Hence, option A is correct
A __________ is a currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad.
Answer:fashion
Explanation:
In human cells, this organelle houses 23 pairs of chromosomes which contain genes made from DNA; in each chromosome pair, one is inherited from mom and the other is from dad.
Answer:
Nucleus
Explanation:
Humans are eukaryotic organisms. Their cells have a well-defined nucleus in which the genetic material is present in the form of chromosomes. Chromosomes have genes arranged in a linear manner. Genes represent the stretch of DNA that code for a specific protein. Being diploid organisms, humans have two complete sets of chromosomes. Therefore, each chromosome is present in pairs. These pairs are called homologous chromosomes. One chromosome of a pair comes from an egg cell and is called the maternal chromosome. The other chromosome is contributed by sperm and is called a paternal chromosome.
A scientist wishes to determine the effect of a digestive enzyme on starch digestion (starch is broken down into glucose). The experimental setup is to mix the enzyme with starch in a test tube, stop the reaction after a known period of time, and then measure the amount of glucose produced.
Which of the following is the correct experimental control?
Answer:
An identical setup but replacing the enzyme with an equal volume of water
Explanation:
When carrying out any experiment, it is important to set out a control in order to increase the reliability of the data and results.
The control minimizes the effects of variables other than the independent variable.
In the above experiment, starch has to be eliminated and replaced with water. Water does not have starch hence the digestive enzyme being tested will not have any effects making the data and results from the experimental group reliable.
True or false? The absence of a trait cannot be used as a synapomorphy in phylogenetic analysis, only shared derived traits that are present in the clade can be used.
Answer:
This statement is False.
Explanation:
A shared apo-morphy which differentiate a clade from other organisms is called synapomorphy. In simple words, members of monophyletic group shares an apomorphy which indicate the presence or absence of certain organs from clade.
For example, loss of legs in snakes is an important synapomorphy.
Final answer:
The statement is false. In phylogenetic analysis, synapomorphies can include both the presence and the absence of derived traits that are shared by members of a clade, such as the loss of limbs in snakes or the presence of amniotic eggs in certain terrestrial vertebrates.
Explanation:
The statement that the absence of a trait cannot be used as a synapomorphy in phylogenetic analysis is false. A synapomorphy can be either the presence or the absence of a derived trait, as long as it is shared among members of a clade and distinguishes that clade from others. For example, the loss of limbs is a synapomorphy that unites snakes. In cladistics, both shared derived traits (such as feathers in birds, known as apomorphic) and the absence of certain traits can indicate evolutionary relationships. However, it is the derived traits that are critical for constructing phylogenies—whether those traits represent the appearance of new features or the loss of ancestral ones.
Ancestral traits (referred to as plesiomorphic), shared by multiple species, are not useful in determining the relationships within a clade since they do not reveal specific evolutionary paths. It is the derived characters that have changed over time and are shared by a group that are important for cladistic analysis, termed synapomorphies. For instance, the presence of an amniotic egg in lizards, rabbits, and humans is a shared derived character that connects these groups more closely than any of them to fish, lampreys, and lancelets.
Assume that in a series of experiments, plants with round seeds were crossed with plants with wrinkled seeds and the following offspring were obtained: 220 round and 180 wrinkled. (6 points total, 2 points each) (a) What is the most probable genotype of each parent? (b) What genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected? (c) Based on the information provided in part (b), what are the expected numbers of progeny (400 total) of each phenotypic class?
Answer:
a) Rr and rr
b) Phenotypic ratio: 1/2 round, 1/2 wrinkled, Genotypic ratio: 1 (Rr) : 1 (rr)
c) 200 round, 200 wrinkled
Explanation:
Mendel performed experiments where he considered the genes coding for seed shape in them. The allele for round shape (R) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled shape (r). For question a, the parent exhibiting the dominant trait can either be homozygous (RR) or heterozygous (Rr). Since it was crossed with a parent with recessive trait (wrinkled seed shape), it will produce only offsprings with round seed shape if it is in a homozygous state(RR).
But some of the offsprings possessed wrinkled shape (recessive trait), hence, the probable genotype is heterozygous (Rr).
Question b: Based on the probable genotype of the parents in (a) above i.e. Rr and rr, a cross between them will yield offsprings with two phenotypes and genotypes.
The phenotypes will be half (1/2) of round-seeded plants, and half (1/2) of wrinkled seeded plants.
The genotype of the round-seeded offsprings will be Rr while that of the wrinked-seeded offsprings will be rr, in the ratio 2:2 or 1:1.
Question c: Based on the probable phenotypic ratio 1:1 in question b above, out of 400 progenies, 200 will be round-seeded while 200 will be wrinkled-seeded.
A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?a. breezes distributing sporesb. cytoplasmic streaming in hyphaec. mycelial flagellad. karyogamy
Answer:
B) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae
Explanation:
Fungal mycelium refers to the branched vegetative structure of the fungi which is formed by the growth of the hyphae. The hyphae contain three zones of growth: the apical, subapical and zone of vacuolation.
The hyphae grow in the apical region which forms a branched structure in which the cytoplasm continuously moves between the hyphae at the point of fusion towards the growing tip. This movement of the cytoplasm towards the growing tip is known as "cytoplasmic streaming".
This streaming of cytoplasm is responsible for the formation of a zone of vacuolation and the mycelium is formed.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
The growing tip eventually gives rise to a branch. This is the beginning of the branched mycelium. Growing tips that come in contact with neighbouring hyphae often fuse with them to form a hyphal net. In such a vigorously growing system, the cytoplasm is in constant motion, streaming toward the growing tips. Eventually, the older hyphae become highly vacuolated and may be stripped of most of their cytoplasm.
The outward growth of mycelium from a fungal spore is due to b. cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae.
When a fungal spore germinates, it develops into mycelium, a network of hyphae that grow outward. As the fungus grows, the cytoplasm within the hyphae is transported towards the tips, allowing the fungus to expand and search for nutrients.
This apical growth is essential for the fungus to explore its substrate and forms a radial growth pattern. For example, in a fairy ring of mushrooms, a single spore starts at the center, and the mycelium grows outward, forming a circular pattern of fruiting bodies at the perimeter.
Other options like breezes distributing spores, mycelial flagella, and karyogamy do not account for the continuous outward growth of the mycelium. The correct answer is b.
What does "adaptation" mean in an evolutionary context?
a. the ability of organisms to alter their appearance under changing environmental conditions
b. the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time
c. the way an individual's body adjusts to its environment
d. all of the answers are correct
In an evolutionary context, adaptation refers to the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time. These changes happen at a genetic level, allowing organisms to compete for resources effectively. An example of such adaptation is the development of longer necks in giraffes to reach higher leaves.
Explanation:In an evolutionary context, adaptation refers to b. the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time. It involves changes in organisms at a genetic level over generations. Adaptations occur in response to changes in the environment that allow organisms to remain competitive for survival resources. These favorable traits become more common in the population over time.
An example might be the development of longer necks in giraffes, an adaptation that enabled them to reach higher leaves for sustenance and thus survive when low-lying food sources were scarce. Thus in essence, adaptation can be seen as nature's way of ensuring survival of a species in varying environmental conditions.
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The second law of thermodynamics states that __________.
a) the total energy in the universe is increasing with time
b) all of the food energy eaten by an organism can be used by that organism
c) in any transformation, some of the original energy is converted to heat or light and the system becomes more disordered
d) the energy in the universe is constant
Answer: Option (c) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
According to the second law of thermodynamics, there will always be increase in entropy of the Universe.
And, entropy is the degree of randomness or disorderness. This means that more is the movement of particles of a system more will be the entropy of system.
During this process, some of the energy is lost in the form of heat or light due to which the system becomes more disordered in nature.
Thus, we can conclude that the second law of thermodynamics states that in any transformation, some of the original energy is converted to heat or light and the system becomes more disordered.
The second law of thermodynamics states that in any transformation, some of the original energy is converted to heat or light and the system becomes more disordered.
The second law of thermodynamics states that in any transformation, some of the original energy is converted to heat or light and the system becomes more disordered. This law is often referred to as the law of entropy. It explains that in any process, the total entropy of an isolated system will always increase or remain the same but never decrease.
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The English anesthesiologist who linked cholera outbreaks to contaminated water and innovated several of the key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today was _________.
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____.
Answer:
The correct answer is- a closed circulatory system.
Explanation:
There are two types of circulatory system, open circulatory system and closed circulatory system. In an open circulatory system, the blood flows through cavities and no blood vessels are present here from which blood can flow. Open circulatory system is found in invertebrates.
In organisms which have closed circulatory system, blood vessels are present in which blood flows and reaches to different cells in the body.
So in organisms that have closed circulatory system blood or body fluid does not directly surround the body cells as in the open circulatory system. So the right answer is-a closed circulatory system.
Final answer:
Organisms with distinct body and cell-surrounding fluids have a closed circulatory system, separating blood from interstitial fluid, unlike open systems where hemolymph mixes with interstitial fluid.
Explanation:
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have a closed circulatory system. In a closed circulatory system, the heart pumps blood through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body. This is in contrast to an open circulatory system where a fluid called hemolymph is pumped into the body cavity and is mixed with the interstitial fluid. The earthworm, for instance, has a closed circulatory system, as do most vertebrates and some invertebrates.
Observing how traits were passed on from parent to offspring in two trait inheritance experiments led Mendel to formulate the ________.
Answer:
Law of independent assortment
Explanation:
Gregor Mendel was attributed for discovering the principles that governs heredity. He performed experiments and observed the results in order to come up with this principles. One of these principles, which he called Law of Independent assortment, was discovered when he performed an experimental cross on pea plants using two observable traits i.e. dihybrid cross because it involved two genes encoding each trait.
In his law of independent assortment, he stated that a pair of allele of one gene separated into gametes independently of the other pair of allele for another gene. This means that the separation of the two alleles in a gene does not affect the separation of alleles in the other gene. Mendel got a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 when he performed the dihybrid cross, which is what one would normally expect if each allele get separated independently to produce four possible combination of gametes in each parent.
Evolution is a A. prediction because it makes an educated guess about events that will occur in the future. B. law because it has been proven without exception under certain stated conditions. C. theory because it is an explanation that is supported by extensive observations, experimentation, and reasoning. D. variable because it is a factor that can be changed during experimentation.
Answer:
The answer is C
Explanation:
C. theory because it is an explanation that is supported by extensive observations, experimentation, and reasoning
Answer: the answer is C
Explanation:
In pea plants, the allele for inflated pod seed, I, is dominant over the allele for constricted pod seed, i. The Punnett square shows a cross for this trait. Which offspring will be homozygous dominant?
Answer:
The offspring which carries the allele II will be homozygous dominant.
Explanation:
A dominant trait can be described as a trait which masks the effect of a recessive trait. A recessive trait can be described as a trait which gets masked by the dominant trait.
A homozygous dominant trait occurs when both the alleles for the gen are dominant. A heterozygous dominant trait occurs when one allele is dominant and the other is recessive for the trait.
Hence, a homozygous dominant trait will carry the alleles II.
Answer
II
Explanation:
The majority of solutes that diffuse across the plasma membrane cannot move directly through the lipid bilayer. The passive movement of such solutes (down their concentration gradients without the input of cellular energy) requires the presence of specific transport proteins, either channels or carrier proteins. Diffusion through a transport protein in the plasma membrane is called facilitated diffusion. True or false?
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The plasma membrane does not allow the charged and polar substances to cross through its inner core that is made up of non-polar fatty acid tails of the phospholipids. Therefore, membrane proteins serve as transport proteins. Some of the transport proteins allow the movement of substances down the concentration gradient without any energy input. This passive movement of substances via membrane transport proteins is called facilitated diffusion.
Carriers and channels are the membrane proteins that facilitate the diffusion of substances. Carrier proteins pick the substances from one side of the membrane and undergo a change in shape to deliver the substance on the other side. Channel proteins make a passage for the movement of substances. Examples: aquaporins, ion channels.
The statement is true. The majority of solutes cannot move through the plasma membrane because of their size or polarity. Therefore, they require the help of transport proteins to cross the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion.
Explanation:
The statement that the majority of solutes that diffuse across the plasma membrane cannot move directly through the lipid bilayer is true. These solutes require the presence of specific transport proteins, such as channels or carrier proteins. Diffusion through these transport proteins is called facilitated diffusion.
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If you were designing a cord for television using two materials with different levels of electrical conductivity, for safety you would place the substance with ________ conductivity __________ the cord.
lower ; outside.
Explanation:
Conductivity of a given material is the measure of electrical current that can pass through the material.
A good conductor has high conductivity while a bad conductor has lower conductivity.
Insulators have zero conductivity.
While preparing the cord the material with lower conductivity should be used to construct outer layer of the chord so that accidental electrical shock and short circuit could be avoided .
An insured has endured multiple surgeries and hospitalizations for an illness during the summer months. Her insurer no longer bills her for medical expenses. What term best describes the condition she has met?
Answer:
Stop loss limit.
Explanation:
The health insurance may be defined as a type of agency or policy that covers the medical expenses of the individual either fully or completely. The individual must pay some amount for the continuity of the health insurance.
The stop loss limit in a health insurance determines that the insurer do not pay for the medical expenses of an individual. This might occur when the insurance amount has been reached up to a certain limit and this limits the insurer loss.
Thus, the answer is stop loss limit.
While reviewing the basic information related to hemodialysis, the professor explains that water molecules move through adjacent phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by:
Answer: Diffusion and osmosis
Explanation:
Water, like many molecules, wants to be at equilibrium; it wants to have an equal concentration on either side of the membrane. The movement of water across a membrane to reach equilibrium is called osmosis. Water molecules move through the phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by osmosis.
Osmosis is a process through which the molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane across a concentration gradient. Water molecules pass from high concentration to low concentration.
Identify which organisms can be infected by viruses. Choose one or more: A. Protists B. Bacteria C. Animals D. Plants E. Fungi F. Archaea
Answer:A. Protists B. Bacteria C. Animals D. Plants E. Fungi F. Archaea
Explanation:viruses are small non-living particles that contains hereditary materials.viruses attack cells of other organisms such as plants , bacteria ,archaea etc.
Viruses are acellular and contains either DNA or RNA.they cannot synthesis protein as they lack ribosomes ,so they use the ribosomes of the cell they have invaded to synthesize they proteins they need.
A virus usually has a central core surrounded by an outer protein coat called capsid.
Viruses can reproduce only within the living host cells and they are specific to the type of cells they attack.they attack plants through insect vectors or through openings on the plants.
Viruses can affect bacteria by injecting their nucleic acids through the cell wall and into the bacteria cell.such viruses are called bacteriophages.
During Meiosis, the alleles on each gene will separate individually into the gametes. This means that no matter what alleles were paired together in the parent, each gamete receives one allele. Mendel stated this to be the Law of
Answer:
It is the Law of Independent Assortment
Explanation:
Took it in my Biology class.
The Law of Segregation explains how alleles separate during gamete formation, following Mendel's First Law.
The Law of Segregation, also known as Mendel's First Law, states that during gamete formation, each member of the allelic pair separates from the other member to form the genetic constitution of the gamete. This process occurs during meiosis where alleles segregate and are passed individually to the next generation.
Assume that a black guinea pig crossed with an albino guinea pig produced 5 black offspring. When the albino was crossed with a second black guinea pig, 4 black and 3 albino offspring were produced. What genetic explanation would apply to these data?
A) Both albino and black= recessive
B) Albino= dominant, black= incompletely dominant
C) Albino and black= codominant
D) Albino= recessive, black= dominant
E) None of the above
Answer:
The correct answer is option D) Albino = recessive, black = dominant.
Explanation:
According to Mendel's Law of Dominance, of the two alleles which represent a gene, one can express itself even when in the presence of the other allele, that is in heterozygous state. This is called the Dominant allele. The other allele can express itself only in homozygous state. This is called the Recessive Allele.When a black guinea pig is crossed with an albino guinea pig, all black offspring (5) are obtained in the F1 generation.This indicates that the Black colour is dominant over the albino colour, as it masks the expressions of the albino phenotype.This also indicates that the genotype of the parent black guinea pig is homozygous dominant, as if it would have been heterozygous dominant then in the F1 generation there was a chance of formation of both black and albino offspring in 1 : 1 ratio.When a black guinea pig from the F1 generation is crossed with the albino guinea pig it gives both black (4) and albino (3) guinea pigs, roughly in the 1 : 1 ratio.This indicates that black guinea pig from the F1 generation was heterozygous dominant. This is why the recessive allele giving rise to the albino phenotype could express itself in the second cross.The second cross between F1 offspring and recessive parent is called the Test Cross.Fats supply energy, cushion vital organs and protect them from injury, add flavor to food and move through the _______ system slowly helping you feel fuller longer.
Answer: Digestive system
Explanation:
Fat carries out many functions in the body of organisms. They are great source of energy especially when less amount of glucose is present in the body. They act as pads to many structures in the body.
Their roles in adding flavor to food is highly emphasized and their vehicular role in moving food in the gut have helped greatly in acquisition of nutrients by organisms
The concept of __________ means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.
Answer: Behavioral genetics
Explanation: This concept indicates that our genes influence our environment and in return, the environment influences our genes. Behavioural genetics has therefore expressed gene-environment interactions on the behaviour of an individual.
The concept of the range of reaction means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.
Range of reaction is a concept that explains how genetic and environmental factors interact to shape an individual's development. According to this concept, our genes set the boundaries or limits within which we can develop and perform, while the environment determines where within those boundaries we will fall. This means that even though two people might have similar genetic potentials, their actual abilities and behaviors can differ based on their environmental experiences.
For example, if a person has a genetic predisposition for high intellectual potential but is raised in an environment that lacks educational resources or stimulation, they might not reach their full cognitive potential. Conversely, if the same person is raised in a rich and stimulating environment, they are more likely to achieve their highest potential.
A student groups different types of cells as shown
Answer:
this question needs more information
Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer, and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow. A and B. overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring. species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species? A) They must have strong postzygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity B) They must have strong prezygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity. C) These two species mate in different climates. D) Reinforcement must be occurring when they winter together.
Answer:
C. These two species mate in different climates.
Explanation:
Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer, and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow. A and B. overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring. species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species?
It is visible that the species, their winter habitat has no bearing on their degree of reproductive isolation. One of the characteristics of living organism is ADAPTATION. They are adapted to different region during mating period.
The answer is not A, neither do they have a strong prezygotic isolating mechanism,
they do not have reinforcement must be occurring when they winter together
C is the answer
Final answer:
The two hypothetical species of sparrows, A and B, likely have strong prezygotic isolating mechanisms since they overwinter together but breed in separate geographic locations, preventing interbreeding despite their proximity in the winter. Option B is the correct answer.
Explanation:
The question concerns the isolating mechanisms that would prevent the two hypothetical species of sparrows, A and B, from interbreeding despite overwintering together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In this scenario, it is suggested that the sparrows must have strong prezygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity without interbreeding (option B). Prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent species from mating or ensure that if mating occurs, no fertilization happens. Such mechanisms could include differences in mating rituals, mating calls, timing of reproductive cycles, or physical incompatibility for mating. Since these sparrows migrate to different regions during the breeding season, geographic separation also functions as a prezygotic barrier.